I’m reading about Schopenhauer’s concept of the will, and his position seems dualist: that will and consciousness are separable entities and that the will is a property independent of the mind.

But consider a hungry man at mealtime. His will (to live) compels him to eat. Now consider that same man but with a mild case of gastroenteritis. Only his body has changed – it would still be a rational objective response to eat, in order to acquire additional energy to fight off the illness and to remain hydrated. Any will existing outside of the body should take this into account.

And yet the man would lose his appetite. A change in the condition of his body has resulted in a change in his will. Thus the will must exist inside of the body.